Ongoing Research

Demonstrates a bidirectional BCI that simultaneously records neural signals and delivers targeted electrical stimulation, enabling motor restoration in stroke and spinal cord injury patients. First large-scale clinical validation in China.

⚡ First bidirectional BCI with clinical-scale validation. Combines recording + stimulation in one device — critical for closed-loop motor restoration and rehabilitation.

Introduces Intelligence Optimization — a self-improving system where cryptographic usage receipts verify real-world model performance (not benchmarks), multi-armed bandit algorithms adaptively select the best model per task, and token bonds create economic incentives for quality. Aggregates 20,578+ AI models and agents from 5 providers (Cloudflare Workers AI, Hugging Face, OpenRouter, Replicate, NANDA). Solves the delegation problem where AI systems delegate to other AI systems across millions of possible configurations.

⚡ First trust registry infrastructure for AI — bringing financial-market-grade transparency to LLM selection. Addresses the critical "delegation problem" as AI agents increasingly orchestrate other AI agents, where 10 sub-agents × 5 models = 9.7 million configurations that cannot be manually optimized.

Introduces the Layer 7 cortical interface — a thin-film electrode array with 4,096 electrodes placed on the brain surface via a cranial micro-slit. Achieves the highest electrode count of any human BCI without penetrating brain tissue.

⚡ Breakthrough in electrode density (4x Neuralink N1) with minimally invasive placement. May win the BCI race on performance while avoiding the surgical risks of penetrating electrodes.

First demonstration of decoding inner (silent) speech from motor cortex neural activity. A paralyzed participant silently "spoke" words that were decoded at 78% accuracy — raising profound privacy and ethics questions about mind-reading technology.

⚡ Crosses a fundamental threshold: decoding thoughts that were never physically expressed. Raises urgent questions about neural privacy, cognitive liberty, and "password-protected" thought interfaces.

Demonstrates that increasing qubit count in the surface code reduces logical error rates exponentially using Google Willow chip with 105 qubits — first time below the surface code threshold.

⚡ Historic milestone: proves quantum error correction works at scale. Opens path to fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Introduces IBM Heron processor with 133 qubits, 5x lower error rates than Eagle, and a modular architecture enabling quantum-centric supercomputing through circuit knitting.

⚡ Defines utility-scale quantum computing — machines that produce results classical computers cannot efficiently simulate.

Comprehensive survey of world models for autonomous driving covering neural scene representation, dynamics prediction, and decision-making under uncertainty.

⚡ Defines the roadmap for next-gen autonomous systems using learned world models rather than hand-coded rules.

High-NA EUV lithography (0.55 NA) achieves 8nm pitch patterning for the 2nm and beyond nodes — doubling resolution over current EUV systems and extending Moore Law through 2030.

⚡ High-NA EUV is the most critical technology for continued semiconductor scaling. Only ASML can build these $400M machines — single point of failure for global chip supply.

Brain organoids grown for 12 months develop structured cortical layers with functional synaptic networks exhibiting oscillatory activity patterns resembling preterm infant EEG — bridging the gap between organoid and human brain development.

⚡ Proves brain organoids can self-organize into structures approaching real brain complexity. Critical milestone for organoid intelligence and drug testing platforms.

Presents a framework for embodied AI agents that integrate vision-language models with robotic control, enabling robots to follow natural language instructions in unstructured environments.

⚡ Major step toward general-purpose robots that understand and act on human language in the real world.

Large-scale field trials show crushed basalt applied to agricultural soils removes 2-4 tonnes CO₂/hectare/year while boosting crop yields 10-20% — a nature-based carbon removal approach deployable on existing farmland.

⚡ Could remove 2-4 Gt CO₂/year globally using existing agricultural infrastructure — one of the cheapest and most scalable carbon removal pathways.

Describes PsiQuantum architecture for a million-qubit photonic quantum computer using silicon photonics foundry manufacturing and networked modules.

⚡ Photonic approach offers room-temperature operation and semiconductor fab compatibility — potential path to million-qubit machines.

QuantumScape demonstrates a solid-state lithium-metal battery with ceramic separator achieving >1000 cycles at 80% capacity retention, approaching commercial viability.

⚡ Solid-state batteries promise 2x energy density, no fire risk, and faster charging — transformative for EVs and grid storage.

Describes the Hermes low-power demonstration reactor — a 35 MWth fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor using TRISO pebble fuel. First NRC construction permit for a new reactor concept since the 1970s.

⚡ Proves the US regulatory system can license novel reactor designs. Fluoride salt coolant enables high-temperature industrial heat applications (hydrogen, chemicals, desalination).

Reports first human Neuralink N1 implant (PRIME Study). Patient Noland Arbaugh achieved 62 characters/minute thought-to-text with 1024-electrode brain chip, controlling computers by thought alone.

⚡ First commercial BCI implant in a human — 8x more electrodes than any previous device, enabling unprecedented neural decoding resolution.

Discovers deep connection between cluster algebras, tropical geometry, and scattering amplitudes, providing new mathematical tools for computing particle interactions without Feynman diagrams.

⚡ Unifies disparate areas of mathematics with physics — suggests an underlying geometric structure to all of quantum field theory.

Programmable DNA origami nanorobots autonomously navigate the bloodstream and deliver chemotherapy payloads to individual tumor cells using aptamer-based targeting — achieving 40x selectivity over healthy tissue.

⚡ First in-vivo demonstration of autonomous nanomachine drug delivery with single-cell precision. Could eliminate chemotherapy side effects.

Combined analysis of NOvA and T2K neutrino oscillation data provides first strong evidence for normal neutrino mass ordering at >3 sigma confidence.

⚡ Resolving neutrino mass ordering is one of the biggest open questions in particle physics — affects cosmology, neutrinoless double beta decay searches.

Comprehensive roadmap from NETL for next-generation carbon capture solvents and sorbents targeting 90%+ capture at <$30/tonne CO₂ — below current market pricing.

⚡ If achieved, makes point-source carbon capture cheaper than carbon credits — economic tipping point for industrial decarbonization.

MethaneSAT satellite delivers first global survey of methane emissions from oil and gas infrastructure at 100m resolution — revealing super-emitters responsible for 50% of sector methane.

⚡ First satellite capable of quantifying methane emissions at facility level globally. Enables enforcement of the Global Methane Pledge and carbon credit verification.

Demonstrates CMOS-compatible carbon nanotube transistor arrays integrated with silicon electronics — 3D stacked architecture achieving 10x energy efficiency over silicon alone.

⚡ Carbon nanotubes as silicon replacement for post-Moore computing — combines with 3D stacking for transformative compute density.

Presents Llama 3, an open-source family of foundation models up to 405B parameters. Competitive with GPT-4 and Claude on many benchmarks while being freely available.

⚡ Largest openly available LLM; democratized access to frontier-class AI models for research and deployment.

Most precise measurement of the Higgs boson mass: 125.11 ± 0.09 GeV, combining full Run 2 datasets from ATLAS and CMS. Precision now exceeds theoretical predictions.

⚡ Sub-0.1% precision on Higgs mass constrains all beyond-Standard-Model physics — any deviation would signal new physics.

Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells achieve 33.9% certified efficiency — surpassing the theoretical limit of single-junction silicon and approaching the practical ceiling for two-junction devices.

⚡ Tandem solar cells can boost existing silicon module output by 50% with minimal cost increase — transformative for global solar deployment.

Discovers superconductivity at 80K in nickelate La₃Ni₂O₇ under pressure — a completely new family of high-temperature superconductors beyond cuprates.

⚡ First new high-Tc superconductor family in 35 years. Understanding nickelates could unlock room-temperature superconductivity.

DishBrain biological processor achieves 90% accuracy on handwritten digit recognition using only 1 microwatt of power — compared to 1 watt for equivalent digital neural networks, a million-fold energy advantage.

⚡ First head-to-head benchmark showing biological computing dramatically outperforms silicon on energy efficiency. Makes the case for hybrid bio-digital architectures.

Introduces the Gemini family of multimodal models demonstrating strong cross-modal reasoning across text, images, audio, and video. Gemini Ultra exceeds human expert performance on MMLU.

⚡ First model to surpass human expert performance on MMLU benchmark; native multimodal architecture sets new paradigm.

Achieves record quantum volume of 65,536 on the H2 processor with 56 fully connected trapped-ion qubits and real-time quantum error correction.

⚡ Trapped-ion systems demonstrate highest fidelity gates and full connectivity — competing paradigm to superconducting qubits.

First in vivo CRISPR base editing in humans, using lipid nanoparticle delivery to edit liver cells directly. Achieved 90%+ reduction of disease-causing TTR protein.

⚡ Proves CRISPR can edit genes inside the living body — no need to remove and replace cells. Paradigm shift for genetic medicine.

Comprehensive review of post-lithium-ion technologies including multivalent batteries, redox flow batteries, and solid electrolytes developed under the JCESR DOE Energy Hub.

⚡ Roadmap for next-generation grid-scale storage needed for renewable energy integration — sodium, zinc, and multivalent systems approaching deployment.

Presents the Natrium reactor system — a 345 MWe sodium-cooled fast reactor coupled with a molten salt energy storage system that can surge to 500 MWe during peak demand. Under construction in Kemmerer, Wyoming.

⚡ Combines Generation IV reactor technology with grid-scale energy storage. Sodium coolant operates at atmospheric pressure, eliminating high-pressure accident scenarios.

Reports operation of Mammoth, the world largest direct air capture plant in Iceland, capturing 36,000 tonnes CO₂/year — 10x larger than predecessor Orca.

⚡ Proves DAC can scale industrially. Pathway to megatonne-scale carbon removal critical for net-zero targets.

Demonstrates topological superconductivity in a 2D van der Waals material heterostructure, detecting Majorana-like edge states that could enable topological quantum computing.

⚡ Majorana fermions in solid-state systems are the holy grail for fault-tolerant quantum computing — no error correction overhead needed.

Demonstrates sub-1nm equivalent gate-all-around nanosheet transistors at Albany NanoTech 300mm fab — approaching physical limits of silicon scaling.

⚡ Pushes Moore Law past what was thought possible — critical for AI chips, quantum control electronics, and defense computing.

Extracted millions of interpretable features from Claude 3 Sonnet using sparse autoencoders, revealing how the model represents concepts including cities, people, code, and abstract ideas.

⚡ Breakthrough in understanding how neural networks think — largest-scale mechanistic interpretability study ever conducted on a production model.

AlphaFold 3 predicts structures of protein-DNA, protein-RNA, and protein-small molecule complexes with unprecedented accuracy, expanding beyond protein-only folding.

⚡ Extends AI protein structure prediction to all biomolecular interactions — accelerates drug discovery and understanding of molecular biology.

Final Borexino analysis achieves most precise measurement of solar Be-7 neutrinos, constraining neutrino magnetic moment and testing MSW effect with unprecedented accuracy.

⚡ Precision solar neutrino spectroscopy probes fundamental neutrino properties and the Sun nuclear fusion chain.

Stentrode endovascular BCI implanted via blood vessels (no open brain surgery) enables ALS patients to control computers, send messages, and browse the web using thought.

⚡ First BCI requiring no brain surgery — implanted like a stent through blood vessels. Dramatically lowers risk and cost of neural interfaces.

Introduces cosmological polytopes that encode the wavefunction of the universe using combinatorial geometry, removing time evolution as a fundamental ingredient.

⚡ If validated, time itself is emergent from geometry — the most radical reformulation of cosmology since the Big Bang theory.

Demonstrates scalable atomically precise manufacturing using hydrogen depassivation lithography — placing individual atoms on silicon surfaces with industrial throughput.

⚡ Bridges gap between lab-scale atom manipulation and production — enables atomically perfect quantum devices and molecular electronics.

Launches the world first cloud-accessible biological computing platform using brain organoids, allowing researchers worldwide to run computations on living neural tissue remotely.

⚡ Biological processors consume 1 million times less energy than silicon — could solve the energy crisis of AI if scalable.

Introduces Phi-3-mini (3.8B parameters) that matches or exceeds models 10x its size on reasoning benchmarks through data quality curation and training innovations.

⚡ Proved small language models can achieve near-frontier performance — critical for edge deployment and on-device AI.

Demonstrates permanent gene silencing without cutting DNA using epigenome editors delivered in vivo. Single injection durably silences target genes in mice with no off-target effects.

⚡ Gene silencing without DNA cuts — safer than CRISPR cutting approaches, opening door to epigenetic medicines for chronic diseases.

Engineering design and techno-economic analysis for the Stratos DAC hub in Texas, targeting 500,000 tonnes CO₂/year capture with geological sequestration.

⚡ First megatonne-scale DAC facility under construction — if successful, transforms economics of industrial carbon removal.

Technical report on GPT-4, a large multimodal model accepting image and text inputs and producing text outputs. Achieves human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks.

⚡ Established multimodal LLMs as state-of-the-art across dozens of professional benchmarks, fundamentally shifting AI capabilities.

Documents Constitutional AI methodology and Claude model family performance on safety benchmarks, harmlessness evaluations, and capability assessments.

⚡ Pioneered Constitutional AI approach to alignment — models that are helpful, harmless, and honest without relying on human feedback at every step.

IceCube confirms emission of high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way galactic plane using deep learning analysis, establishing our galaxy as a neutrino source.

⚡ Opens neutrino astronomy of our own galaxy — first image of the Milky Way in neutrinos, revealing cosmic ray acceleration sites.

Reports successful testing of 20-tesla HTS magnets for the SPARC tokamak — the strongest fusion magnets ever built, enabling a compact, net-energy fusion reactor.

⚡ HTS magnets are the key enabling technology for compact fusion. SPARC aims for Q>2 (net energy gain) by 2026.

Derives Einstein field equations and geodesic motion from simple hypergraph rewriting rules, demonstrating that spacetime curvature emerges from discrete computation.

⚡ If correct, the universe is a computation — general relativity emerges from simple rules applied to discrete structures.

Defines the new field of Organoid Intelligence (OI) — using brain organoids as biological computing substrates capable of learning, memory, and potentially consciousness.

⚡ Foundational roadmap for a new computing paradigm. Brain organoids could surpass silicon AI in energy efficiency and adaptability.

Presents Sora, a diffusion transformer that generates photorealistic videos up to one minute from text, demonstrating emergent physics simulation.

⚡ First demonstration that video models learn to simulate 3D physics, lighting, and object permanence — functioning as world simulators.

Uses diffusion models to generate neural network parameters directly, bypassing training. Generated networks match trained ones on image classification.

⚡ New paradigm of generating trained neural networks instead of training them, potentially collapsing costs by orders of magnitude.

CAR-T cells targeting CD19+ B cells achieved drug-free remission in patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus — first application of cancer immunotherapy to autoimmune disease.

⚡ Proves CAR-T technology can cure autoimmune diseases, not just cancer — potentially billions of patients affected globally.

Detailed analysis of NIF shot N221204 that achieved fusion ignition — 3.15 MJ of energy from 2.05 MJ of laser input, a historic milestone in inertial confinement fusion.

⚡ First-ever controlled fusion ignition with net energy gain. Proves the physics of fusion energy is sound — engineering challenge remains.

Decodes attempted handwriting from motor cortex neural activity in a paralyzed patient at 90 chars/min with 94.1% accuracy — fastest BCI communication rate ever achieved.

⚡ Approaches able-bodied typing speeds — proves brain-computer interfaces can restore practical communication for paralyzed individuals.

Living neurons grown on microelectrode arrays learn to play Pong via closed-loop electrophysiological stimulation — demonstrating sentient behavior in biological neural networks in vitro.

⚡ First demonstration that lab-grown biological neurons can learn and adapt in real time to external stimuli — foundational step toward biological computers.

Demonstrates a logical quantum processor using 48 logical qubits encoded in 280 physical neutral-atom qubits with real-time error correction and entanglement between logical qubits.

⚡ First demonstration of complex quantum algorithms on error-corrected logical qubits — breakthrough for neutral-atom quantum computing.

Reports clinical trial results for Casgevy (exagamglogene autotemcel), the first FDA-approved CRISPR gene therapy. Achieved transfusion independence in 93.5% of sickle cell patients.

⚡ First-ever CRISPR therapy approved by FDA — marks the beginning of the gene editing therapeutic era.

LIGO O4 run detects gravitational waves from the merger of a mystery compact object in the 2–5 solar mass gap with a neutron star — first confirmed object in the mass gap.

⚡ Reveals objects in the long-predicted mass gap between neutron stars and black holes, challenging compact object formation theories.

Details the NuScale VOYGR SMR design — a 77 MWe integral pressurized water reactor with passive safety systems requiring no operator action, AC power, or additional coolant for 72+ hours post-accident. First SMR to receive NRC Standard Design Approval.

⚡ First-ever NRC-certified SMR design. Establishes the regulatory pathway for all future US SMR deployments. Passive safety eliminates Fukushima-type scenarios.

Extends the amplituhedron — a geometric object encoding particle scattering without spacetime or locality — to one-loop level with an explicit Grassmannian integral measure.

⚡ Deepens the reformulation of quantum field theory using pure geometry — spacetime may be emergent, not fundamental. 99.9% agreement with known physics.

Analysis of the retracted room-temperature superconductor claims (LK-99 and lutetium hydride) and the rigorous validation process that exposed data fabrication.

⚡ While the claims were retracted, they accelerated global superconductor research investment and established stricter reproducibility standards.